References

Digestive Enzymes

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Ianiro G, Pecere S, Giorgio V, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. Digestive Enzyme Supplementation in Gastrointestinal Diseases. Curr Drug Metab. 2016;17(2):187–193. Roxas M. The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders. Altern. Med. Rev.2008;13(4):307–314. http://www.clinicaleducation.org. Clinical Education: Digestive Enzymes. Accessed on 18 July 2019.

Probiotics

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Women's Health: Vagina and Urinary Tract Health

Akgül T, Karakan T. The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Turk J Urol. 2018;44(5):377–383. doi:10.5152/tud.2018.48742. Falagas, M.E., Betsi, G.I., Tokas, T. et al. Probiotics for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women. Drugs (2006) 66: 1253. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200666090-00007 Antonio MA1, Hawes SE, Hillier SL. The identification of vaginal Lactobacillus species and the demographic and microbiologiccharacteristics of women colonized by these species. J Infect Dis. 1999 Dec;180(6):1950-6.

AntioxidantX (Natural Astaxanthin)

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Antioxidant: Natural Astxanthin Reference

Masojidek, G. Torizillo, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014. Paniagua-Michel, in Handbook of Marine Microalgae, 2015 Nishida Y, Yamashita E, Miki W (2007) Quenching Activities of Common Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Antioxidants  against Singlet Oxygen Using Chemiluminescence Detection System. Carotenoid Science 11:16-20. Capelli B, Bagchi D, Cysewski G (2013) Synthetic astaxanthin is signifcantly inferior to algal-based astaxanthin as an antioxidant and may not be suitable as a human nutraceutical supplement. Nutrafoods 12:145-52. Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M. E., & Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 10(4), 522. doi:10.3390/nu10040522. Iwasaki T, Tahara A. Effects of astaxanthin on eye strain induced by accommodative dysfunction. J Eye 2006; 23(6):829–34.  Ikeuchi M, Koyama T, Takahashi J, Yazawu K. Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Biol Pharm 2006; 29(10):2106–10. 

Free Radicals

Halliwell  B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence?  Lancet 1994;344 (8924) 721- 724 Poli G et al. Oxidative stress and cell signaling. Curr Med Chem, 2004 May; 11(9): 1163-82. Patel, M., Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2016. 37, 768-778 Alcohol consumption trigger free radical damage in body. University of Pennsylvania Medical Centre.  ScienceDaily. Sept 17,1999. Accessed on 8 April 2019. American Chemical Society. "How to measure potentially damaging free radicals in cigarette smoke." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 March 2017.  Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. "Hazards of cigarette smoking extend way beyond the lungs." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 June 2017.

Ultra Violet Light

John D’Orazio, Sturat Jarret, et al. UV Radiation and the Skin. Intl. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 12222-12248 Beth Anne Jurkiewicz, Garry R. Buettner.  Ultra Violet light-induced free radical formation in skin: an electron paramagnetic resonance study. Vol 59, Issue 1. Jan 1994; pp 1-4.  Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):522. Published 2018 Apr 22. doi:10.3390/nu10040522

Ocular (Vision) Health

Kono K, Shimizu Y, Takahashi S, Matsuoka S, Yui K. Effect of Multiple Dietary Supplement Containing Lutein, 
Astaxanthin, Cyanidin-3-Glucoside, and DHA on Accommodative Ability. Curr Med Chem. 2014;14(2):114-125. doi:10.2174/187152221402150408111137 Akira N, et al. Changes in visual function following peroral astaxanthin. Jap J Clin Ophthalmol. 2004;58(6):1051-4.[52]  Saito M, et al. Astaxanthin increases choroidal blood flow velocity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 Feb;250(2):239-45.  Lin JB, et al. A glimpse at the aging eye. NPJ Aging Mech Dis. 2016 Mar 10;2:16003.[42] Linetsky M, et al. UVA light-excited kynurenines oxidize ascorbate and modify lens proteins through the formation of advanced glycation end products: implications for human lens aging and cataract formation. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jun 13;289(24):17111-23.  Petri D, Lundebye AK. Tissue distribution of astaxanthin in rats following exposure to graded levels in the feed. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;145(2):202-9. Yoshihisa Y, et al. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, inhibits ultraviolet-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2014 Mar;23(3):178-83. [50] Nagaki Y, et al. [The effect of astaxanthin on retinal capillary blood flow in normal volunteers.] J Clin Ther Med. 2005;21(5):537-42. Akira N, et al. Changes in visual function following peroral astaxanthin. Jap J Clin Ophthalmol. 2004;58(6):1051-4.[52] Saito M, et al. Astaxanthin increases choroidal blood flow velocity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012 Feb;250(2):239-45. Iwasaki T., Tahara A. Effects of astaxanthin on eyestrain induced by accommodative dysfunction. J. Eye. 2006;23(6):829–834. [Google Scholar] Nagaki Y., Mihara Y., Tsukahara H., Ohno S. Supplementation effects of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia. J. Clin. Ther. Med. 2006;22(1):41–54. [Google Scholar]

Air and Water Pollution

Karine Andreau, Melanie Leroux, Aida Bouharrour. Health and Cellular Impacts of Air Pollutants: From Cytopretection to Cytotoxicity. Biochemistry Research International. Vol 2012, Article ID 493894.  C. A. Pope III, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun et al., “Lung cancer,cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fineparticulate air pollution,” JAMA, vol. 287, no. 9, pp. 1132–1141, 2002.

Prolonged Stress

Stress, Oxidative Injury and Disease. Kaushal K. Srivastava, Ratan Kumar.  Ind J Clin Biochem. Jan-Mar 2015; 30(1): 3-10. Harman D. Aging – a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956;11:298-300. MacNee W. Oxidative stress and lung inflammation in airwaysdisease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;429:195–207.

Ageing and Oxidative Stress

Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757–772. Published 2018 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/CIA.S158513 Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors. Rahman K. Clin Interv Aging. 2007; 2(2):219-36. Sohal RS, Weindruch R: Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science, 1996 Jul 5; 273 (5271): 59-63. Manabe Y, Komatsu T, Seki S, Sugawara T. Dietary astaxanthin can accumulate in the brain of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82(8):1433–6.  Park D, Festini S. “Theories of Memory and Aging: A Look at the Past and a Glimpse of the Future.” J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017 Jan;72(1):82-90.2. Harman D. “Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry.” J Gerontol. 1956 Jul;11(3):298-300.3. Kirkwood T, Kowald A. “The free-radical theory of ageing--older, wiser and still alive: modelling positional effects of the primary targets of ROS reveals new support.” Bioessays. 2012 Aug;34(8):692-700. DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200014. Liu SZ, Ali AS, Campbell MD, et al. Building strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with functional training in elderly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(5):826–833. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12318 Piermarocchi S, Saviano S, Parisi V, et al. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(2):216–225. doi:10.5301/ejo.5000069 Grimmig B, Kim SH, Nash K, Bickford PC, Douglas Shytle R. Neuroprotective mechanisms of astaxanthin: a potential therapeutic role in preserving cognitive function in age and neurodegeneration. Geroscience. 2017;39(1):19‐32. doi:10.1007/s11357-017-9958-x Grimmig B, Hudson C, Moss L, et al. Astaxanthin supplementation modulates cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in young and aged mice. Geroscience. 2019;41(1):77‐87. doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00051-9 Ke Y, Bu S, Ma H, et al. Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Astaxanthin on Depressive-Like Behaviors in High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Treated Rats.Front Pharmacol. 2020;10:1621. Published 2020 Jan 30. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01621

Sarcopenia (Loss of muscle mass and strength)

Santilli V, Bernetti A, Mangone M, Paoloni M. Clinical definition of sarcopenia.Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014;11(3):177–180. Sztretye M, Dienes B, Gönczi M, et al. Astaxanthin: A Potential Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Treatment in Diseases and with Aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:3849692. Published 2019 Nov 11. doi:10.1155/2019/3849692 Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria: the role of exercise. Integr Med Res. 2016;5(3):182–186. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.07.003 Du J, Zhu M, Bao H, et al. The Role of Nutrients in Protecting Mitochondrial Function and Neurotransmitter Signaling: Implications for the Treatment of Depression, PTSD, and Suicidal Behaviors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(15):2560–2578. doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.87696 Liu SZ, Ali AS, Campbell MD, et al. Building strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with functional training in elderly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(5):826–833. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12318 Shibaguchi T, Yamaguchi Y, Miyaji N, et al. Astaxanthin intake attenuates muscle atrophy caused by immobilization in rats. Physiol Rep. 2016;4(15):e12885. doi:10.14814/phy2.12885

Joint | Inflammation

Can diet improve arthritis symptoms?, Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, http:www.health.harvard.edu. Accessed on 9 July, 2019. Arthritis. Mayo Clinic. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772. Accessed on 18 june 2019. Evaluation of the Effect of Mega MSM on Improving Joint Function in Populations Experiencing Joint Degeneration. Gang Xu, Tian Zhou, et al. International Journal of Biomedical Science. June 2015, Vol.II. No. 2. Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Penn State Hershey Medical Center - Willow bark - Penn State Hershey Medical Center. http://pennstatehershey.adam.com. Accessed on 5 May 2019. Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies. Sarah Brien, George Lewith, Ann Walker, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Dec; 1(3): 251–257. Turmeric. Arthritis Foundation. https://www.arthritis.org/living-with arthritis/treatments/natural/supplements-herbs/guide/turmeric.php. Accessed on 1 May 2019. Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D. Bromelain as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of clinical studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Dec; 1(3): 251-7. Klein G, Kullich W, Schnitker J, Schwann H. Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Jan-Feb; 24(1): 25-30. Klein G, Kullich W, Schnitker J, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of an oral enzyme combination in painful osteoarthritis of the hip. A double-blind, randomised study comparing oral enzymes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24:25-30. Lane Lenard, PhD, Ward Dean, MD and Jim English. Controlling Inflammation with Proteolytic Enzymes. www.nutritionreview.org. https://nutritionreview.org/2013/04/controlling-inflammation-proteolytic-enzymes/. Accessed on 18 June 2019. Lee AW, Cho SS. Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population. Nutr J. 2015;14:28. Published 2015 Mar 21. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0017-0 Miller PC, Bailey SP, Barnes ME, Derr SJ, Hall EE. The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running. J Sports Sci. 2004 Apr;22(4):365-72. PubMed PMID: 15161110. Abramson S.B. (2003) The role of NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis. In Brandt K.D., Doherty M., Lohmander L.S., editors. (eds), Osteoarthritis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 251–258 Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. Current nutraceuticals in the management of osteoarthritis: a review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012;4(3):181–207. doi:10.1177/1759720X11436238